Transaction Details
| TX Hash | a2cd723017d572771d2dd38675d3f4424dece6cf295779bf5ce0cc9ff2742d7b |
| Block | 106,875 |
| Timestamp | Thu, 30 Apr 2026 02:51:45 GMT (4d ago) |
| Confirmations | 6,727 |
| Fee | 0.0246826 USDm |
| Size | N/A |
| Weight | N/A |
| Version | 9 |
Transaction Type
| Type | TRANSFER |
Inputs & Outputs
| Inputs | 2 |
| Outputs | 2 |
| Privacy Proof | FCMP++ (type 11 — Full-Chain Membership Proof over entire UTXO set; decoy rings are not used) |
Outputs
| Output #0 | |
| One-Time Key (O) | 23d11e482d4f4374b3d9827d8f44d587f97c9d334b8d17bb345d7420f0bcdecc |
| Pedersen Commitment (C) | ea3018877e8876a79737f1332c3adca791ad4094f0ae45c597adc108d424b668 |
| View Tag | 9a |
| Asset | ✓ USDm |
| Amount | Encrypted (Pedersen + Bulletproofs+) |
| Output #1 | |
| One-Time Key (O) | 9351717b7c073f72ef0ed8418a80c6cb63cab3d2745dbaeb230da4fa8a63b921 |
| Pedersen Commitment (C) | b4367d106d281433003e4d6eb3e546f2ec24089318e9062b1a4f4a47d7003489 |
| View Tag | fb |
| Asset | ✓ USDm |
| Amount | Encrypted (Pedersen + Bulletproofs+) |
Note: Actual amounts and sender/recipient addresses are private (FCMP++). Only the transaction structure is visible on-chain.
FCMP++ Proof Transcript
| Proof Type | FCMP++ Full-Chain Membership Proof |
| Anonymity Set | Entire Chain (all outputs ever created) |
| Inputs | 2 |
| Proof Size | 6,080 bytes |
| Curve Tree | Helios (C2) dual-curve architecture |
| Tree Layers | 4 |
| Tree Root | 5ccede2f43394a3765308d483f37e05cd92ca8651cfb44a14b678e05065c3b87 |
Curve Tree Structure
Layer 0 (Leaves) : Ed25519 output tuples (O, I, C) → Selene (C1) hashes Layer 1 (Interior) : Selene (C1) → Helios (C2) commitments Layer 2 (Interior) : Helios (C2) → Selene (C1) commitments Layer 4 (Root) : Helios (C2) tree root
The full output set is committed into a Helios/Selene curve tree. Each leaf encodes an output tuple (O, I, C) as Selene curve points. Interior nodes alternate between Helios and Selene curves, enabling efficient recursive proof composition.
Input 0 — Membership Proof
| Key Image (Nullifier) | d06b29f4929d10fd4783b68479449bdbaacdd23f34a45dd8eab48c9f3d2b6f01 |
| C̃ (Pseudo-output) | d57ff5884da6b55195fdd926e000baa5b2193ccc74c697e04668213373efad5a |
| Pseudo-out (Balance) | 470a9f457d33269ac49a4c7d8979949718ece4d8b791c92f6dae4443b3b9430b |
Nullifier: The key image
KI = x · Hp(O) is a deterministic, unlinkable nullifier. It prevents double-spending without revealing which output is being spent.
Input 1 — Membership Proof
| Key Image (Nullifier) | 23ed123c2254a74c2d7512c807ee4ba4f3924af2e57d29d1db3fe38836462d06 |
| C̃ (Pseudo-output) | 0a2cda9354c09c7e4b9679bd32c2443f145f211c5b57b88c87f88516df7be71c |
| Pseudo-out (Balance) | 104f89336ccde97f44c788852cd8c28db53b898d8eb1b99af71e58a5493efada |
Nullifier: The key image
KI = x · Hp(O) is a deterministic, unlinkable nullifier. It prevents double-spending without revealing which output is being spent.
Spend-Auth & Linkability (SAL) Proof
ÕRerandomized one-time key
ĨRerandomized linking tag
RRerandomization scalar
C̃Rerandomized Pedersen commitment
The SAL proof demonstrates knowledge of the secret spend key, correct key image formation, and that the balance equation holds: Σ pseudo-outs = Σ output commitments + fee.
Verification Pipeline
1Deserialize FCMP++ proof from transaction
2Extract tree root (Helios (C2)), layers, key images
3Reconstruct signable hash from tx prefix
4Verify Generalized Bulletproofs+ arithmetic circuit
5Verify Helios/Selene curve tree membership (per input)
6Verify SAL proof (spend authorization + linkability)
7Check key image uniqueness (double-spend prevention)
✓Consensus acceptance
Privacy Guarantees
Anonymity SetEntire chain
Sender PrivacyHidden among all outputs
Amount PrivacyPedersen + Bulletproofs+
Receiver PrivacyStealth addresses
Double-SpendDeterministic nullifiers
Curve CycleHelios (C2) ↔ Selene (C1)